Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format (Updated to 5th Edition)

Brought to you by the Purdue University Online Writing Lab

If you are asked to use APA format for a paper, the book to consult is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition), which the American Psychlogical Association has recently updated. Citing electronic sources was a major part of this update as these types of sources are increasingly common in research within the social sciences. Below, you will find some examples of these updated citation styles. If you want to order an APA manual or view the latest updates about electronic sources in more detail, visit the new APA style web site at http://www.apastyle.org.

This handout covers the following issues:

·   General Format

·   Handling Quotations in Your Text

·   Your Reference List

·   Examples

·   Notes

·   Other references

General Format

Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5 X 11 inches) with margins of 1 inch on all sides. Your final essay should include, in the order indicated below, as many of the following sections as are applicable, each of which should begin on a separate page:

·   title page, which includes a running head for publication, title, and byline and affiliation

·   abstract

·   text

·   references

·   appendixes

·   author note

·   footnotes/endnotes

·   tables

·   figure captions

·   figures

The pages of your manuscript should be numbered consecutively, beginning with the title page, as part of the manuscript header in the upper right corner of each page. Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. Appendices and notes should be formatted similarly.

Here is a sample title page in APA format. Note how it includes the running head and page number in the upper right hand corner, defines the running head that will title all manuscript pages, and centers the title in the middle of the page. Always remember to consult your instructor if you are writing a paper for a class; s/he may have different guidelines for how a title page should appear.

 

 

Handling Quotations In Your Text

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Examples: 

Jones (1998) compared student performance ...
In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 1998), ...
In 1998, Jones compared student performance ...

If there is no author to cite, such as when you are citing a web page that lists no author, use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author. 

Webber did a similar study of students learning to format research

  

  
 
papers ("Using APA," 2001).

 

If you are citing a work that has no author, no date, and no page numbers, use the first few words from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"), and then use paragraph numbers (if available) or simply leave out any reference to pages. 

In another study of students and research decisions, it was discovered

  

  
 
that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

 

Short Quotations

To indicate quotations of fewer than 40 words in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks, such as periods, commas, and semicolons, should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.

Examples:

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," 
 
(Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

 

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had dificulty using APA style, 
 
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

 

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); 
 
what implications does this have for teachers?

Long Quotations (block quotes)

Place quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.

Example:

Jones's 1993 study found the following:          
Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was
 


  

their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed
 


  

to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual
 


  

or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Choosing double or single quotation marks

If you are using a quotation that uses quotation marks as a short quotation, use single quotation marks to set off the material that was originally enclosed in quotation marks. If you are using a quotation that uses quotation marks in a block quote, use double quotation marks to set off the material that was originally in quotation marks.

Your Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. Your references should begin on a separate page from the text of the essay under the label References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

·   Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Your reference list should be alphabetized by authors' last names.

·   If you have more than one work by a particular author, order them by publication date, oldest to newest (thus a 1991 article would appear before a 1996 article).

·   When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. If no author is given for a particular source, alphabetize using the title of the work, which will be listed in place of the author, and use a shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations.

·   Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work (in text citations in parentheses, too).

·   All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

·   Capitalize only the first word of a title and subtitle of a work.

·   Italicize titles of books and journals.

·   Note that the italics in these entries often continue beneath commas and periods.

Basic Forms for Sources in Print

An article in a periodical (e.g., a journal, newspaper, or magazine) 

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, add month and day of publication for daily, weekly, 
 
    or monthly publications). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number, pages.

NOTE:You need list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you should list the issue number as well: Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), pages.

A nonperiodical (e.g., book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media) 

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter or an article in a collection)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), 
 
     Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references.

Basic Forms for Electronic Sources

Article in an Internet Periodical

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number 
 
     (issue if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://Web address.

Nonperiodical Internet Document (e.g., a Web page or report)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. 
 
     Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.

Part of Nonperiodical Internet Document

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document 
 
     (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://Web address.

 

Examples

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides extensive examples covering a wide variety of potential sources. Below are some of the most commonly cited kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed below, use the basic forms (above) to determine the correct format, check the Publication Manual, consult the APA style website.

Journal article, one author

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. 
 
     Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Journal article, three to six authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: 
 
     The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

Journal article, more than six authors

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). 






     Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.

NOTE: The phrase et al. stands for "and others."

Work discussed in a secondary source

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud:Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. 
 
     Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation:

In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), ...

Magazine article, one author

Henry, W. A., III . (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Book

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
 
     Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

An article or chapter of a book

O'Neil,  J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. 
 
     In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

A government publication

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness 
 
     (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

A book or article with no author or editor named

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

NOTE: For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).

A translated work and/or a republished work

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). 
 
     New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)

NOTE: When you cite this work in text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951).

A review of a book, film, television program, etc.

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The  self-knower: A hero under control]. 
 
     Contemporary Psychology, 38,  466-467.

An entry in an encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

An online journal article

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). 
 
     Retrieved February 20, 2001, from: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html   

Chapter or section of an online document

The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie.In Great chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons     
 
     and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved July 13, 2001, from: http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm

NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. 
 
 
     Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author, then use it. Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other types of references.

 

A Note on Notes

Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, APA style guidelines recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes. In the text, place a superscript numeral immediately after the text about which you would like to include more information (e.g., Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1) Number the notes consecutively in the order they appear in your paper. At the end of the paper, create a separate page labeled Notes (centered at the top of the page). Below are examples of two kinds of notes.

1. evaluative bibliographic comments

1. See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis 



of this extraordinary animal.
2. On the problems related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); 



for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).

2. explanatory or additional information considered too digressive for the main text 

3. In a recent interview, she (Weller, 1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: 



"I am an artist, not a yak!" (p. 124).

 

The fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) provides documentation advice for writers in the social sciences. Written primarily for authors preparing manuscripts for professional publication in scholarly journals, the manual discusses manuscript content and organization, writing style, and manuscript preparation. It also offers advice for student writers in an appendix.

The Publication Manual instructs writers to document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other information from sources as follows: "Document your study throughout the text by citing by author and date the works you used in your research. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article" (p. 207). When using APA style, consult the Publication Manual for general style requirements (e.g., style for metric units) and for advice on preparing manuscripts and electronic texts. This chapter follows the conventions of APA citation style.

The Publication Manual gives guidelines for making in-text references to print sources. The following section shows how you can apply the same principles to citing online sources in your text.

 

Box 6.1
Using Italics and underlining in APA style

APA style recommends the use of italics, rather than underlining, for certain elements (e.g., book and journal titles). Use underlining only if your instructor requires it or if your word-processing program can't produce italics. However, the use of underlining to represent italics becomes a problem when you compose texts for online publication. On the World Wide Web, underlining in a document indicates that the underlined word or phrase is an active hypertext link. (All HTML editing programs automatically underline any text linked to another hypertext or Web site.)

When composing Web documents, avoid underlining. Instead, use italics for titles, for emphasis, and for words, letters, and numbers referred to as such. When you write with programs such as email that don’t allow italics, type an underscore mark _like this_ before and after text you would otherwise italicize or underline.

 

1.

Link an in-text citation of an Internet source to a corresponding entry in the References.

In APA style, each text reference is linked to a specific entry in the list of References. The essential elements of an in-text citation are the author's last name (or the document's title, if no author is identified) and the date of publication. Information such as a page or chapter number may be added to show where in a source cited material appears.

Create an in-text reference to an Internet source by using a signal phrase, a parenthetical citation, or both a previewing sentence and a parenthetical citation.

Using a signal phrase   To introduce a short quotation, paraphrase, or summary, mention the author's name either in an introductory signal phrase or in a parenthetical reference immediately following the signal phrase and containing the publication date. (See 4e for a discussion of signal phrases and verbs.)

 

Here is the References entry for this source:

Benton Foundation (1998). Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age [Electronic version]. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

Using a parenthetical citation after cited material   Place the author's name and the source's date of publication in parentheses immediately after the end of the cited material.

Families with no telephone service have difficulty accessing social services for which they are qualified (Benton Foundation, 1998, chap. 2, "Societal Priorities").

Using a previewing sentence and a parenthetical citation   To introduce and identify the source of a long quotation (one comprising 40 or more words), use a previewing sentence that names the author and ends in a colon. By briefly announcing the content of an extended quotation, a previewing sentence tells readers what to look for in the quotation. Indent the block quotation five spaces (or one paragraph indent). At the end of the quotation, after the final punctuation mark, indicate in parentheses any text division that indicates the quotation's location in the source document.

H. R. Varian (1997, June 11) suggested one way a professional organization might develop and publish an electronic journal:

First, the journal assembles a board of editors. The function of the board is not only to provide a list of luminaries to grace the front cover of the journal; they will actually have to do some work.

Authors submit (electronic) papers to the journal. These papers have 3 parts: a one-paragraph abstract, a 5-page summary, and a 20- to 30-page conventional paper. The abstract is a standard part of academic papers and needs no further discussion. The summary is modeled after the Papers and Proceedings Issue of the American Economic Review: it should describe what question the author addresses, what methods were used to answer the question, and what the author found. The summary should be aimed at as broad an audience as possible. This summary would then be linked to the supporting evidence: mathematical proofs, econometric analysis, data sets, simulations, etc. The supporting evidence could be quite technical, and would probably end up being similar to current published papers in structure. (section 7.2)

Here is the References entry:

Varian, H. R. (1997, June 11). The future of electronic journals. Paper presented at the 1997 Scholarly Communication and Technology Conference. Retrieved June 27, 2001 from http://arl.cni.org/scomm/scat/varian.html

2.

Substitute Internet text divisions for page numbers.

The Publication Manual (2001) requires that, in citing a print source, "[you] give the author, year, and page number in parentheses" (p. 120). Because Internet sources are rarely marked with page numbers, you will not always be able to show exactly where cited material comes from. If a source has numbered internal divisions (such as sections or paragraphs), use these instead of page numbers in your citation, making use of the ¶ symbol or the abbreviations chap. and para. Be sure to use divisions inherent in the document and not those provided by your browsing software.

J. McGann (1995) pointed out that even decentered hypertexts are nevertheless always ordered: "To say that a HyperText is not centrally organized does not mean--at least does not mean to me--that the HyperText structure has no governing order(s), even at a theoretical level" ("Coda: A Note on the Decentered Text").

Here is the References entry:

McGann, J. (1995). The rationale of HyperText. Retrieved June 27, 2001, from University of Virginia, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanaties Web site http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/public/jjm2f/rationale.html

3.

Use source-reflective statements to show where cited material ends.

Many Internet sources appear as single screens. To let your readers know where your use of a single-screen Internet source with no text divisions ends, use a source-reflective statement.

Source-reflective statements give you an opportunity to assert your authorial voice. Writers use source-reflective statements to provide editorial comment, clarification, qualification, amplification, dissent, agreement, and so on. In the following example, the absence of a source-reflective statement creates uncertainty as to whether the writer has finished citing an Internet source or has merely moved from quoting directly to paraphrasing.

Sosteric (1996, Introduction) has noted that "exponential growth of the primary literature coupled with an explosive growth in the cost of distributing scholarly information has put serious strain on the financial resources of libraries and universities." This demand for and cost of distributing primary literature suggests that we can expect more electronic journals to appear online in the next few years—surely a benefit to scholarly communication.

In the next example, the writer has added a source-reflective statement to show that use of the source has ended.

 

Here is the References entry:

Sosteric, M. (1996). Electronic journals: The grand information future? Electronic Journal of Sociology, 4 (1). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from http://www.sociology.org/content/ vol004.001/sosteric.html



When using APA style, place a list of cited sources, arranged alphabetically, after the text of your essay but before any appendixes or explanatory notes. The Publication Manual (1994) gives the following general models for References entries:

 

The Publication Manual also presents numerous variations that accommodate a variety of print sources (e.g., translations, government documents). For detailed information on creating a References list, see Chapter 3 of the Publication Manual, "APA Editorial Style."

Extending the citation practice of the Publication Manual to include Internet sources produces the following model:

Online document

Author's name (last name, first and any middle initials). (Date of Internet publication). Document Title. Title of complete work [if applicable]. Retrieval statement.

 

Box 6.2
Using hypertext to document sources on the Web

The hypertext environment of the World Wide Web doesn’t just alter the way you do research, it also lets you document sources in a new way—by using hypertext links. Electronic journals published on the Web are already replacing traditional notes, References listings, appendixes, and other supporting text with links to the documents being cited. To read more about hypertext documentation, see Chapter 9 in the book. For an example of how it works, see the sample paper for this chapter (described in 6c), or look at articles published in the Electronic Journal of Sociology at <http://www.sociology.org>.

 

Internet sources differ in the kinds of information that are important for retrieval, and the model for each type of source reflects the information needed to retrieve that source. The following models enable you to document Internet sources in a manner consistent with the principles of APA style.

1.

World Wide Web site

The Publication Manual notes that "the vast majority of Internet sources cited in APA journals are those that are accessed via the Web" (p. 269). It instructs authors using and citing Web sources to observe the following guidelines:

If your paper will be available online as an updateable hypertext essay, make a point of testing the URLs in your references regularly. Consider replacing (with a reference to a later version) or simply dropping any sources whose original URLs no longer work.

To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document on the site), simply give the site's URL in the text:

Rainbow MOO is a virtual space designed especially for teachers and their elementary-school students (http://it.uwp.edu/rainbow).

To document a specific file, provide as much as possible of the following information:

For more specific guidance, see the various sample situations in this section.

Book

An online book may be the electronic text of part or all of a printed book, or a book-length document available only on the Internet.

Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation Retrieved October 4, 1999, from darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm

Article in an electronic journal (ejournal)

Fine, M., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141-1147. Retrieved June 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/kurdek.html

Abstract

Isaac. J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999, May). Other people as a source of interest in an activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239-265. Abstract retrieved June 7, 1999, from IDEAL database site http://www.europe.idealibrary.com

Article in an electronic magazine (ezine)

Adler, J. (1999, May 17). Ghost of Everest. Newsweek. Retrieved May 19, 1999, from http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/issue/20_99a/printed/int/socu/so0120_1.htm

 

Box 6.3
Breaking URLs in APA style

The Publication Manual (p. 271) gives the following options for breaking URLs:

  • After a slash
  • Before a period

These instructions differ slightly from the ones in 1d-2 of this book. We suggest that, for papers written in APA style, you follow the APA's recommendations.

 

Newspaper article

Azar, B., & Martin, S. (1999, October). APA's Council of Representatives endorses new standards for testing, high school psychology. APA Monitor. Retrieved October 7, 1999, from http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct99/in1.html

Review

Parfit, M. (1997, December 7). Breathless. [Review of the book The climb: Tragic ambitions on Everest]. New York Times on the Web. Retrieved October 7, 1999, from http://search.nytimes.com/books/97/12/07/reviews/971207.07parfitt.html

Letter to the editor

Gray, J. (1999, May 7). Pesticides linger in land and air—and in our bodies [Letter to the editor]. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved October 7, 1999, from http://www.kentuckyconnect.com/heraldleader/news/050799/lettersdocs/507letters.htm

Government publication

Bush, G. (1989, April 12). Principles of ethical conduct for government officers and employees. Exec. Order No. 12674. Pt. 1. Retrieved November 18, 1997, from http://www.usoge.gov/pages/laws_regs_fedreg_stats/lrfs_files/exeorders/eo12674.pdf

2.

Email message

The Publication Manual recommends that email1 messages from individuals be cited as personal communications (p. 214), and therefore not be included in the References. Here is how an in-text parenthetical reference to a personal email message might look.

Bryan Burgin (personal communication, November 18, 1998) notified me that my proposal had been accepted.

In general, the APA discourages the inclusion in the References of communications that are not archived anywhere and therefore cannot be retrieved for verification. The Publication Manual (p. 214) cautions that "computer networks (including the Internet) currently provide a casual forum for communicating, and what you cite should have scholarly relevance."

Always evaluate the validity of your source, particularly if you do not personally know the author of an email message (See 4c-3 and 4d).

3.

Web discussion forum posting

To document a posting to a Web discussion forum, provide the following information:

Abeles, T. (1999, May 21). Technology and the future of higher education. Formal discussion initiation. Message posted to http://ifets.gmd.de/past_archives/archiv_150499_250899/0107.html

Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of Mallory & Irvine? Message posted to http://everest.mountainzone.com/99/forum

4.

Listserv message

To document a listserv message, provide the following information:

Robertson, David M. (2001, June 24). Re: Lebanese cuisine books (1961, 1966) [June 2001, week 4, Msg. 18.2]. Message posted to the American Dialect Society's ADS-L electronic mailing list, archived at http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/ads-l.html

Note that the Publication Manual recommends that the term electronic mailing list be used instead of listserv.

5.

Newsgroup message

To document information posted in a newsgroup discussion, provide the following information:

Brett. (1999, June 6). Experiments proving the collective unconscious. Message posted to news://alt.psychology.jung

6.

Real-time communication

To document a real-time communication, such as those posted in MOOs, MUDs, and IRCs, provide the following information:

Fox, R. (1999, February 2). ENG 301 Class MOO: Concept mapping for Web project. Retrieved February 3, 1999, from http://moo.du.org:8000

Sowers, H., Fields, M., & Gurney, J. (1999, May 29). Online collaborative conference. Retrieved May 29, 1999, from LinguaMOO: telnet://lingua.utdallas.edu:8888

7.

Telnet, FTP and gopher sites

The most common use of telnet is for participation in real-time communication (see 6b-6). Although the use of telnet for document retrieval has declined dramatically with increased Web access to texts, numerous archived documents are available only by telnet. To document a telnet site or a file available via telnet, provide the following information:

Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). About the Clean Air Act (CAA) database. Retrieved June 2, 1999, from FedWorld Information Network: telnet fedworld.gov go Regulatory Agencies

FTP site

To document a file available for downloading via file transfer protocol, provide the following information:

everest2.gif. (1993, April 4). 535K. Image of Mt. Everest. Retrieved June 3, 1999, from ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/images/ views/sorted.by.type/Mountains/everest2.gif

Mathews, J. (1992). Preface. In Numerical methods for mathematics, science, and engineering. Retrieved June 8, 1999, from ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/netlib/textbook/index.html

Gopher site

The gopher search protocol brings texts files from all over the world to your computer. Popular during the early 1990s, especially at universities, gopher was a step toward the World Wide Web's hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Although the advent of HTML documents and their retrieval on the Web has diminished the use of gopher, many documents can still be accessed.

To document information obtained by using gopher, provide the following information:

Goody, J. (1993, Spring). History and anthropology: Convergence and divergence. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, 75 (2). Academia Sinica, 75. Retrieved June 2, 1999, from gopher://gopher.sinica.edu.tw/00/ ioe/engbull/75b.txt

 

Reference
American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication
    Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.).
    Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
American Psychological Association (1999, August 9). Electronic
    reference formats recommended by the American Psychological
    Association. Retrieved October 4, 1999 from the World Wide Web:
    http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.ht